Leadership Theories Essay

Way Goal: making a mutual, shared objective or vision and finishing to arrive at the objective or vision by deciding the best way * characterizes objectives, explains way, expels snags, offers help * intended to clarify how pioneers can help subordinates along the way to their objectives by choosing explicit practices that are most appropriate to subordinates’ needs * in principle, it gives a series of expectations about how different initiative styles associate with qualities of subordinates and the work setting to influence the inspiration of subordinates; by and by, it gives guidance about how pioneers can help subordinates to achieve their work in an acceptable way * positive highlights of the way objective hypothesis * gives a valuable hypothetical system to seeing how different initiative practices influence subordinates’ fulfillment and work execution * it endeavors to incorporate the inspiration standards of anticipation hypothesis into a hypothesis of administration * gives an extremely down to earth model †it underscores and features the significant ways pioneers help subordinates * genuinely clear †a viable pioneer needs to take care of the requirements of subordinates * gives a lot of general proposals dependent on the attributes of subordinates and assignments for how pioneers should act in different circumstances on the off chance that they need to be powerful; it educates us about when to be order, strong, participative, or accomplishment arranged * pioneers ought to adjust their styles to the circumstance or to the persuasive * a pioneer should cautiously evaluate the subordinates and their errands, and afterward pick a suitable initiative style to coordinate those attributes * requirements of their subordinates, just as use one of the authority characteristics, however a mix of them * Directive Leadership: portrays a pioneer who gives subordinates guidelines about their undertaking, including what is anticipated from them, how it is to be done, and the course of events for when it ought to be finished * a mandate head sets away from of execution and makes the standards and guidelines clear to subordinates * Supportive Leadership: comprises of being benevolent and receptive as a pioneer and incorporates taking care of the prosperity and humanâ needs of subordinates * pioneers utilizing steady practices make a special effort to make work lovely for subordinates; furthermore, strong pioneers treat subordinates as equivalents and give them regard for their status * Achievement-Oriented Leadership: described by a pioneer who provokes subordinates to perform work at the most elevated level conceivable * The pioneer builds up an exclusive expectation of greatness for subordinates and looks for constant improvement * notwithstanding anticipating a ton from subordinates, accomplishment arranged pioneers show a serious extent of certainty that subordinates are equipped for setting up and achieving testing objectives * Subordinate Characteristics: decide how a leader’s conduct is deciphered by subordinates in a given work setting * Researchers have concentrated on subordinate’s requirements for association, inclinations for structure, wants for control, and self-saw level of assignment capacity * these attributes and numerous others decide how much subordinates discover the conduct of a pioneer a prompt wellspring of fulfillment or instrumental to some future fulfillment * requirements for association †lean toward steady initiative since agreeable and concerned authority is a wellspring of fulfillment * wants for control †way objective hypothesis recommends that for subordinates with an inside locus of control participative administration is most fulfilling in light of the fact that it permits them to feel accountable for their work and to be a vital piece of dynamic * subordinates impression of their own capacity †as subordinates’ view of their own capacities and capability goes up, the requirement for order authority goes down Social Change: change for the benefit of everyone; individual, gathering, and cultural qualities are basic to change * guides the structure of an authority improvement program that underlines explanation of qualities, advancement of mindfulness, capacity to trust, ability to tune in and serve others, shared work, and change for the benefit of everyone * fundamental reason is that qualities request a cognizant center, that administration should realize attractive social change, that initiative is a procedure and not a position, that all understudies are possible pioneers (rule of comprehensiveness), and that administration is an amazing vehicle for creating pioneers * these premises separate this model from prior hypotheses as it doesn't focusâ on the improvement of initiative aptitudes * incorporates getting the hang of, creating, and actualizing basic beliefs, the Seven Cs of Social Change, which are required in individual, gathering, and network administration * Personal/Individua l Values- * Consciousness of Self: implies information on yourself, or just mindfulness; it is attention to the qualities, feelings, perspectives, and convictions that propel one to take activities * Congruence: thinking, feeling, and carrying on with consistency, validity, genuineness, and trustworthiness toward others; reliable with their most profoundly held convictions and feelings * Commitment: suggests force and term corresponding to an individual, thought, or action; requires a noteworthy inclusion and speculation of self in the object of responsibility and in the proposed results; the vitality drives the aggregate exertion; basic to achieving change * Group Values- * Collaboration: a focal incentive in the model that sees authority as a gathering procedure; expands bunch adequacy since it benefits from the numerous abilities and points of view of each gathering part, utilizing the intensity of that assorted variety to produce inventive arrangements and activities * Common Purpose: creates when individuals work with others inside a mutual arrangement of points and qualities; shared points encourage bunch individuals commitment in aggregate examinations of the issues and the assignment to be attempted; best accomplished when all individuals from the gathering construct and offer in the vision * Controversy with Civility: perceives two key real factors of any collective endeavor: first-contrasts in perspective are unavoidable and important, second-such contrasts must be disclosed straightforwardly and with deference and politeness; contradictions carry significant viewpoints and data to the aggregate gathering, yet inevitably should be settled * S ocietal and Community Value * Citizenship: names the procedure whereby oneself is dependably associated with nature and the network; it recognizes the reliance of all engaged with the initiative exertion; perceives that viable popular government requires singular obligation just as individualâ rights Situational: includes utilizing various sorts/styles of authority at explicit occasions which fluctuate and are resolved purchase every circumstance; made of mandate and steady conduct * inspiration is critical * essentially simply changing authority dependent on the circumstance * includes mandate and steady conduct * Directive Behavior: one way correspondence; helps bunch individuals achieve objectives, incorporates what can anyone do how it is to be done * Supportive Behavior: two way correspondence; helps bunch individuals feel great about themselves, their collaborators, and the circumstance Tranformational: process where pioneer makes an association with others to make a positive change * Developmental in nature * Attentive to the requirements of the adherents and helps them in arriving at their maximum capacity * Moves supporters to achieve more than what is normally expected of them * About positive change * a blend of glorified impact, individualized thought, motivation inspiration, and scholarly incitement * Pros versus Cons * Widely examined and acknowledged * Involves people and adherents * Gives a wide view on initiative * Might be inborn instead of educated * Might be manhandled * Pseudotransformational †pioneers who are transformational in a negative way * Uses twisted qualities to adversely lead devotees (for example Hitler, Bin Laden, and so on.) Moral: include upright qualities and ethics in all dynamic * morals is a component of all authority hypotheses * moral administration includes serving others, building network, equity, genuineness, and regard * idea goes back to Greek scholars Plato and Aristotle * originates from Greek word â€Å"ethos† which means character References: Northouse, Peter Guy. Administration: Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2010. Print.

Essay on Camus’ The Stranger (The Outsider): Meursault’s Indifference

Meursault’s Indifference in The Stranger (The Outsider)â â The language in The Stranger (The Outsider) is strikingly basic. The sentences are formed to accommodate their capacity. They state what Meursault, the storyteller accepts. All the more critically, their structure passes on Meursault’s emotions. His emotions are a conspicuous point of convergence of the novel. With the entirety of the differing feelings and emotions he has all through the story, there is one general term that can be concerned them all: detached. Meursault thoroughly enjoys straightforward delights, yet never completely entertains himself into any of his undertakings. He is constantly saved, withdrawn, without a bounty of feeling. The main enthusiastic flood that exudes from his psyche and body comes as his experience with the Chaplain in his cell. Monsieur Meursault talks when he has something he believes he should state. Else, he remains the beneficiary of others' interchanges. It is this blameless reservedness that starts to assemble the picture of him in the peruser's psyche. From the outset he may appear to be dull, incomprehensible, in any event, barbarous; the peruser is before long taken in by his easygoing persona nonetheless, and sympathizes with his predicament before the finish of the novel. Meursault sees his reality as incredibly detached - he doesn't have confidence in God or appear to put stock in anything higher than unadulterated human presence, and unadulterated human non-presence when demise closes life. Meursault is himself apathetic regarding everything for an incredible duration, aside from when he is at long last met by the ghost of death. In any case, even this dread and tension stops after he addresses the Chaplain. Toward the finish of the novel this youthful Frenchman comes to understand his likeness es to his universe. He feels things are nearly perfect, just a couple ... ...won't desire the others in his reality either. Meursault is sufficiently blessed to understand this while as yet living, for this foreknowledge he triumphs. End The combining aloofness. Meursault is a man whose life is supported on an inescapable impassion. His Existentialist way of thinking of the world is additionally an origination based on lack of interest. Before the finish of the novel Meursault finds a sense of contentment with himself. He has at long last gone to a solidarity and comprehension of the joined idea of his singularity and the presence of presence. Meursault's head will roll. His life snuffed out. A real existence complete. Finished. Completed. The entirety of this since he harbored no bogus expectations, no vain strivings, since he made an unobtrusive pledge with the demise that profits every one of us to the earth we were delivered from. Works Cited: Camus, Albert. The Stranger. Everyman's Library: New York, 1993. Paper on Camus’ The Stranger (The Outsider): Meursault’s Indifference Meursault’s Indifference in The Stranger (The Outsider)â â The language in The Stranger (The Outsider) is strikingly straightforward. The sentences are formed to accommodate their capacity. They state what Meursault, the storyteller accepts. All the more critically, their structure passes on Meursault’s emotions. His emotions are a noticeable point of convergence of the novel. With the entirety of the shifting feelings and sentiments he has all through the story, there is one general term that can be concerned them all: uninterested. Meursault gets a kick out of basic joys, however never completely entertains himself into any of his undertakings. He is constantly saved, distant, without a plenitude of feeling. The main enthusiastic flood that radiates from his psyche and body comes as his experience with the Chaplain in his cell. Monsieur Meursault talks when he has something he believes he should state. Else, he remains the recipient of others' interchanges. It is this blameless reservedness that starts to manufacture the picture of him in the peruser's brain. From the start he may appear to be dull, ambiguous, in any event, savage; the peruser is before long taken in by his easygoing persona be that as it may, and sympathizes with his situation before the finish of the novel. Meursault sees his reality as amazingly impassive - he doesn't have faith in God or appear to put stock in anything higher than unadulterated human presence, and unadulterated human non-presence when passing finishes life. Meursault is himself unconcerned with everything for an amazing duration, aside from when he is at last met by the ghost of death. Be that as it may, even this dread and nervousness stops after he confronts the Chaplain. Toward the finish of the novel this youthful Frenchman comes to understand his similitudes to his universe. He feels things are nearly perfect, just a couple ... ...won't desire the others in his reality either. Meursault is sufficiently blessed to understand this while as yet living, for this premonition he triumphs. End The consolidating lack of interest. Meursault is a man whose life is supported on an inescapable lack of interest. His Existentialist way of thinking of the world is additionally an origination based on apathy. Before the finish of the novel Meursault finds a sense of contentment with himself. He has at last gone to a solidarity and comprehension of the entwined idea of his uniqueness and the presence of presence. Meursault's head will roll. His life snuffed out. An actual existence complete. Finished. Completed. The entirety of this since he harbored no bogus expectations, no vain strivings, since he made an inconspicuous pledge with the passing that profits all of us to the earth we were delivered from. Works Cited: Camus, Albert. The Stranger. Everyman's Library: New York, 1993.

Why Human Rights and Humanitarian Policy concentration is the right fit for Jake Sprang MIA 19 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Why Human Rights and Humanitarian Policy concentration is the right fit for Jake Sprang MIA 19 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Thanks to SIPA student Jake Sprang MIA 19, Human Rights and Humanitarian Policy concentration, for this guest post.  You can read the case for the Urban and Social Policy concentration from Dylan Hoey MPA19 here. When I was applying to graduate school, I focused above all on finding the right “fit.” I was looking for a school and a program that merged my interests in human rights, international development and humanitarian response. When I came to Admitted Students’ Day, I had been accepted into SIPA to study  Economic and Political Development, and was torn between three different universities. By the end of the day, I knew I would be going to SIPA and that I would be studying human rights and humanitarian policy. During Admitted Students’ Day, I had the privilege of hearing from the directors of several of the concentrations. But, when I sat down in the information session with Professor Elazar Barkan and Susannah Friedman, Directors for the  Human Rights and Humanitarian Policy  concentration, everything clicked. Professor Barkan told the room that, when deciding which program to study, we needed to focus on what we wanted our professional identity to be. It was at that moment, I knew that being “development professional” wasn’t what I wanted. If I wanted to work in humanitarian response, I needed to study humanitarian response. That night, I switched to humanitarian policy, accepted my offer letter, and haven’t looked back. Since I made that decision, I have constantly been validated that I made the right choice for me. While there are many reasons why I’m proud to be in the HRHP concentration, there are three that stand out above the rest. 1. Human Rights and Humanitarian Policy gives students a more cohesive analytical framework that other concentrations.  In HRHP, we learn about approaching human rights and humanitarian response from a rights-based approach. Simply put, when we study humanitarian response, we start by focusing on ensuring and upholding the human rights and dignity of people affected by complex emergencies. We focus on the rights they are denied and how we as responders must work with them to ensure their rights as individuals and a community are protected throughout all phases of response. This approach is incredibly unique at SIPA. While many concentrations, especially Economic and Political Development and the  MPA in Development Practice,  focus on building practical skills, they do not provide the cohesive strategy for analyzing problems that will be faced in human rights careers.  It’s like have a bunch of tools without a toolbox. On the other hand, the HRHP program gives students both: the to ols to implement humanitarian response, and the toolbox: the analytical framework of a rights-based approach. 2. Human Rights and Humanitarian Policy is the most flexible concentration at SIPA, allowing students to customize the program to their needs.  One thing I love about the human rights and humanitarian policy concentration is the fact that I can build experience in the areas that most interest me. For example, if I want to learn about Water and Sanitation in Complex Emergencies, that class is an HRHP elective, cross-listed at the  Mailman School of Public Health. Or, if I want to learn about the rights of Refugees, Forced Migration, and Displacement, I can take that course through the  Institute for the Study of Human Rights.  I can do the same with the Law School, studying Transitional Justice, or Gender Justice. And if I want to take a non-HRHP course, I have the space in my schedule, due to the flexibility offered by the program, which has less core requirements than other concentrations. HRHP gives me the opportunity to seek out the courses that interest me and develop the practic al skills that I want to obtain. The program lets me choose the tools that I want in my toolbox. 3. I want my professional identity to be firmly grounded in Human Rights and Humanitarian Policy.  At the end of the day, you need to pick the SIPA concentration that fits best for you. For me, I want to identify as someone working in the humanitarian field coming with a strong grounding in human rights. Designing humanitarian response programming is vastly different from development programming. To be a humanitarian, I realized that I needed to study humanitarian response. I’ve seen the importance of this professional identity through some of my cross-listed courses, with both development and humanitarian students. My colleagues have built an amazing set of skills for analyzing and designing international development programs. However, these skills don’t quite fit with the humanitarian field. It’s like asking a plumber to fix your roof. If you want to seek a career in human rights or humanitarian response, you need to make sure that you have the right tools and toolbox for the job. You can only get those through the HRHP concentration. In closing, I want to make a small plea. When looking at the world today, it’s clear that human rights are under attack. The foundations of the human rights order developed after the Second World War is being eroded by the rise of nationalistic regimes across the globe. While this human rights system was and remains deeply, deeply flawed, it was the only system we had to protect vulnerable people from oppression and the deprivation of their rights and dignity. On the humanitarian side, things are equally grim. Mass displacement of people, driven by conflict, climate change, natural disasters and poverty is leaving millions of people in need of humanitarian relief. With the global North becoming increasingly unwilling to act, lower and middle-income countries are largely footing the bill. The need for humanitarian relief is greater than ever, and will only grow more and more pressing. We need future policymakers who are passionate, intelligent and dedicated to addressing these growing challenges. Pick the concentration that fits best for you, but I know that I wouldn’t feel as fulfilled studying anywhere or anything else.

All that Heaven Allows by Douglas Sirk - 920 Words

In the 1950’s the melodrama genre came to age and there is no better example than Douglas Sirk’s All that Heaven Allows. The melodrama followed some basic characteristics which can be identified in the film. First and foremost the narrative of the melodrama focused on the family. All that Heaven Allows follows the narrative of the typical melodrama but at the same time also challenges the social conventions. While Sirk follows many of the key themes he does so in a more detached fashion. The protagonist Cary is bound to her community by her social class. Change was occurring in society and the melodrama displayed people’s restraint to this. In All that Heaven Allows Sirk began his focus on the female and her desires in contrast to the more conservative male focused melodrama. As with the melodrama the legibility of the story, displayed through the plot, is simple and easy to follow. â€Å"Our engagement with the story depends on our understanding of the pattern of change and stability, cause and effect, time and space† (Bordwell and Thompson, 2008). The linear time flow of the film allows for it’s simple understanding. This is added to by the expressiveness of the melodrama, where everything is brought into the open and nothing is left unsaid. The expressiveness of the melodrama is also represented in the highly expressive mise-en-scene. Sirks use of colour, the human figure, camera work, lighting and music allow him to portray suppressed meaning and significance. (b)Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Douglas Sirk s All That Heaven Allows1586 Words   |  7 PagesEvident in All That Heaven Allows, Douglas Sirk was highly critical of mainstream American society during the post-war era (Sirk Fischer, pg. 135). As a renowned exponent of classical Hollywood narratives, his mastery of mise-en-scene and storytelling critiqued society through timeless and influential films. Starring Jane Wyman as Cary Scott and Rock Hudson as Ron Kirby, Sirk’s adaptation is a narrative of love that defies social conformity in an era where politics of class and gender were highlyRead MoreEssay about Film Analysis of All That Heaven Allows1806 Words   |  8 PagesFilm Analysis of All That Heaven Allows Chosen sequence: Golden Rain Tree/Carys bedroom scene. Before the emergence of auteur theory the director Douglas Sirk was a renowned exponent of classical Hollywood narrative, particularly in the genre of romantic melodrama, of which his film All That Heaven Allows is a classic example. However, he is now regarded as a master of mise-en-scene, one of the few tools left to a director working within the constraints of theRead MoreMelodrama and Heaven Allows Essay2136 Words   |  9 Pagesfilms. Discuss the differences and similarities between their uses of Sirkian melodrama in their films Ali: Fear Eats the Soul and Far From Heaven. In developing your analysis you should engage with theoretical debates about these filmmakers’s work and theories of melodrama, and you should support your analysis through close reading of the films Douglas Sirk, a Danish-German film director, is best known for being the father of Melodrama. He is commonly referred to as a master of the weepie (WillemenRead MoreAll that Heaven Allows Film Review1811 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstand films and their influence on society. They also reveal much about the society from which they originated. In this essay, I will explore the different ideological messages conveyed in films with reference to All That Heaven Allows (Douglas Sirk, 1955). The film All That Heaven Allows lends itself strongly to the classic melodrama genre, a genre well known for being dramatic, emotional and exaggerated in order to tug on the viewer’s heartstrings. Melodramas usually portray the typical clichà ©Read MoreAll that Heaven Allows Movie Analysis1587 Words   |  6 Pagesportrayed to be conservative, there were number of ‘socially conscious or critical films’ (Kellner, 1979). For instance, All that Heaven Allow, (1955). Other that showing the ‘conservative’ side, questions like dominant myth and value to be asked. In this research essay, writer will be analyzing 3 major ideology that can was explored in All That Heaven Allows, 1955, directed by Douglas Sirk, which are the politics of class, gender and ethnicity. However, writer will be focusing more in the politics of

Girls and Crime Essay - 965 Words

Girls and Crime Stress, teenage mother hood, drug habits all those components needs survival skills. How do you keep those survival skills? Gangs, prostitution, abuse? To us juvenile delinquency is something that we look at it with disdain instead of taking the time to look into sociological issues, emotional issues and the reality that would give us a clearer view and still not make us feel or understand the conditions they live in, the pressures they go through or face everyday. For us to be able to make a non judgmental opinion is very difficult, perhaps many of us have been affected by the wrong doings of some delinquents actions such as a drive by shooting, being at the wrong place at the wrong time. The realization, what we†¦show more content†¦State and local juvenile justice systems are increasingly called upon to address the needs of juvenile female offenders and at-risk girls. Recognizing that these needs require national attention, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquenc y Prevention (OJJDP) has launched a multilevel approach. It includes reviewing how States are dealing with female juvenile offenders, developing an inventory of best practices, producing a prototype-training curriculum, and implementing a variety of program development activities. Which would contradict with Chesney-Lind and Sheldens (1992:97) point that despite increases over the past decade in both the number of female-headed household and more women in the workplace, female delinquency has either remained the same or declined. Then again it was not until women entered the criminology force, that gender issues began to be seriously addressed. What about girls? In its own way, there are often common challenges:  · A growing number of female offenders.  · Demand for comprehensive needs assessments that identify gaps in the provision of services for girls.  · The necessity of developing and implementing gender-specific services and programs designed to meet the unique needs of girls.  · Competition for scarce resources and a limited understanding of what works for girls. Another specific question is why is there an increase?Show MoreRelatedSexual Assault And Young Girls With The Crimes1972 Words   |  8 PagesSexual assault can be defined as offences of a sexual nature, stretching from simply indecent behaviour to violent crimes committed without someone’s consent (Bijleveld 2007:321). The most common victims of sexual assault crimes are women and young girls with the crimes being committed by people known to the victim. Sexual assault is one of the most common and horrific crimes around the world affecting not only the victim, but also their families and the broad society in which they live (Boyd, MorrisonRead MoreGirl Gangs and the Female Crime Wave in America Essay6758 Words   |  28 Pagesscholars often cite crime statistics or anecdotes from field studies. The reasons they give to explain this female crime wave generally fall into one of two categories: drugs as a means for economic success the idea that the increased availability of crack cocaine provides economic means to poverty-ridden women suffering from the effects of urbanization and deindustrializationand social movements the idea that female â€Å"liberation† has hit the streets. 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Each of them believes that crime, or the lack of crime, is a result of the patriarchal dominance in society. Feminists believe that the patriarchy generates crime against women whilst discouraging deviancy amongst women. The official crime statistics show that men tend to commit more crime than women, and some FeministsRead MoreFemale Juveniles Are The Most Vulnerable927 Words   |  4 Pagesstreet gangs, drop out of school, or become teenage mothers. Girls are the fastest growing segment of the juvenile justice system with minority females disproportionately represented among delinquent girls; two-thirds are girls of color. The majority have been subjected to some form of emotional, physical and/or sexual abuse (Lowen, 2014). The statistical evidence behind the delinquent behavior of female juvenile is disturbing. Juvenile girls are likely to be criminalizes for their behavior than juvenileRead MoreFemale Crimes Are Not Biologically Capable Of Committing Crimes1204 Words   |  5 Pagesof committing crimes, and that belief alone has brought on a lack of attention to female involvement in crimes. According to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, between 1985 and 2008, the numb er of delinquency cases involving females increased 102%, while for males, the increase was only 29%. Female crimes are emotionally driven, irrational, and unpredictable and usual over petty stuff such as gossip, he-say/she-say, jealousy, or boys. We often wonder why crime is committedRead MoreFeminist Theories1008 Words   |  5 PagesOutline and assess Feminist explanations of the relationship between gender and crime. 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They were also sixteen-year-old girls whom defied all gender norms as they crossed the line from innocent female high school students to murderers. This paper will analyze the crime through a gender lens, presented by Dana M. Britton in The Gender of Crime, and throug h crime myths, presented by Robert M

The Zimmerman Case Free Essays

The Zimmerman Case has had its verdict yesterday and I would have written then, but I was busy building my thoughts. What I should cover first is why the Zimmerman Case is significant. It is not significant because of race, or the right to defend one’s self. We will write a custom essay sample on The Zimmerman Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now In defense of my position on the race aspect, the media has tried to portray Zimmerman as white, when, in fact he is Hispanic or as my wife is adamant about, Latino. Apparently, you can’t call Hispanics Hispanics any more and you have to call them Latino. Ok, sure fine I don’t really care what people want to be called; it has no bearing to me on the individual other than personal preference. So, if the media is not really sure what race Zimmerman is, the issue of race becomes moot, but it does show that there are other motivations in doing so as someone’s race is a pretty big way of describing an individual to the public. I suspect that this has more to do with the Immigration Issue than race despite the media is trying to make be seen that way. Showing Latinos as white would go a long way toward naturalizing immigrants in the public’s mind. The right to defend one’s self, is not an issue either, in that it is a personal responsibility to do so. Following someone does not justify aggression if that person is acting within a prescribed and legal role, in this case, as a member of the community watch. They say Martin was just going out for Skittles and some sort of drink and that was all he had on him when he was being followed out of the area by Zimmerman. If he was going out to get these items, then why did he have these items on him when he was leaving. This seems suspect to me, but actually has little bearing on the point I am trying to make with this. The issue here isn’t if Zimmerman should have been arrested, he should not have. It is also not if Zimmerman had the legal right to shoot and kill Martin; he did. Martin acted as the aggressor and forced Zimmerman in to a physical battle, and Zimmerman, in reacting to the battle, did no go for the gun first. He used the gun after Martin used weapon on him (banging his head on to the ground; I have had this happen to me and I have had to do it to others; The ground is most definitely something that can be used as a weapon). The shot was fired, upwards and in to the front of Martin, therefore, the killing was justified. The only real issue that I had with this was if Zimmerman waited too long, but to that end, I wasn’t there and so I have no right to an opinion on the judgement concerning the time frame between actual use of the ground as a weapon and the use of a gun. The issue here isn’t, as many people want to believe, if the trial was justified. This should have had an investigation in to the shooting, and of that, there is no question, but it was only to justify if the shooting was legal or not, not to determine guilt of Zimmerman or Martin which the media seems to have confused, but the real issue here is if it was a fair trial. The concept of justice is that justice be fair and impartial. The Executive Branch of the government represents the justice system within the United States. The Executive Branch, when considering the implications of justice, has to see things from all points of view and recognize the rights of all parties concerned with the verdict, ie the prosecutor and the defendant, while ignoring all unaffected parties even if they feel they are a stakeholder (parents, relatives and friends). The actual verdict has to be fair within a reasonable consideration of peers. Those peers form the basis for the jury and the jury is chosen by the prosecution, therefore controlling, to some degree the legitimacy of the defense as well as the impartiality of the verdict as the intent of the jurors are to put themselves within the mindset of the defense, but from what is considered a reasonable state of mind. The biggest consideration here has to be that the argument must be presented in such a way as though neither race nor gender should have any consideration on the defense at the time of the crime. If that there is, in fact, a finding that race or gender is a factor, considerations should be made. In the argument of self-defense, the first consideration that should be made is was the defense actually in sort of danger and that danger being loss of life or permanent injury. In choosing women, the prosecution was seeking the sympathy angle for the minor who died as a result of the action resulting in the trial. The biggest factor that is being ignored with the media is that the jurors had to put themselves in, not the position of Martin, but of Zimmerman and therefore Zimmerman acting within his role of public defender (the Community Watch, in this case). This reversal of roles from what the public considers as fair is what, ultimately, destroyed the prosecution’s case. Arguing the case without considerations of race or gender forced the women to wonder what they would have been forced to do in Zimmerman’s role within that of public defender. To that end, they had to ask themselves, would they have been afraid and would they have had the responsibility to defend themselves, not necessarily with lethal force, but by any means necessary. That they would not have necessarily put themselves in to that position had no actual bearing on the subject as that personal choice was removed for them, hence impartiality. The factor of this being a fair trial, is decreed by a panel of peers, initially chosen at random, but decided by the very people trying to prosecute the case. That they choose women, become immaterial as the prosecution has its own agenda from that of the defense. The issue with this wasn’t if the case was not fair, or that the verdict was unfair as the situation presented, described a reasonable justification of fear in the situation of Zimmerman. It showed that an assault with deadly force was committed by the documentation collaborated by witnesses. It showed that the use of deadly force was legal and it showed that Zimmerman showed restraint in using that deadly force by the action of deadly weapon (the ground) putting Zimmerman’s life in actual danger as well as the fact that Martin did not disengage his ‘supposed attacker’ but actually escalated the fight and did not seek to flee. In the end, this was a fair verdict, in that anyone in Zimmerman’s position would have used deadly force as long as you do not make any considerations toward race or gender, ie, had it been a woman in Zimmerman’s place, she would have done the same exact thing, but again, this is not the real issue. With this case, the head of the Executive Branch, the head of the justice system within the country, is seeking to show personal bias, and is basing that bias upon race and not reasonable actions within the situation itself as shown by the trial itself. How to cite The Zimmerman Case, Papers

Victorian Era Outline free essay sample

Creates ICC, supposed to regulate commerce, but hard to enforce. First step toward regulating monopolies. F. Credit Mobile Scandal Politicians profit nag from railroads. D. Republicans control government; however, they are split between the Stalwart and Half- Breed factions. II. Corruption in the cities was prevalent in Gilded Age society. A. A political machine controls who gets elected within a city. It is also known as the boss system or machine politics. A. Boss Tweed A political boss in New York, where this system was strong. He used the influx of new immigrants to get votes.Government leaders would then have to give these immigrants kick-backs and money from government projects. B. The boss system had positives. It provided services and infrastructure for cities. However, the system was above the law and could control judges and politicians. C. There was a change in immigration during this time-period. Before 1880, immigrants came from Germany and the British Isles. We will write a custom essay sample on Victorian Era Outline or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These immigrants were highly literate and shared similar cultures, therefore assimilation was easy. After 1880, immigrants came from the Mediterranean and Slavic-areas. These immigrants were illiterate and impoverished.They didnt have similar cultures and they were strongly disdained in America. Ill. People were getting sick of corruption in the Gilded Age. They began to fight back through various political movements and parties. This fight laid an infrastructure for the Progressive Era. A. Farmers faced a number of difficulties during this time period. A. Land wasnt as productive due to natural disaster and overuse. B. Land was easy to tax. C. Barbed wire, fertilizer, and harvesters were all owned by trusts who pushed prices very high. D. Railroads drove up prices of their transportation. E. Farmers cant organize. F.Rising prices with a lower cost of goods lead to farmers not being able to pay back their debts. B. The farmers, who accounted for half the population, organized with the Farmers Alliance party. This turned into the Peoples Party, better known as the populists. C. The populist party platform: g. Free coinage of silver. H. Graduated income tax based on wealth. I. Government takeover of utilities. J. Direct election of senators and one-term limit on presidents. Initiatives and Referendums for civilians to control municipal issues. Shorter workday. (They united with citizens in the cities and factories. . Immigration restriction. (The above were natives. ) n. Solicited black vote. 1. Black participation only increased anti-voting laws in the South. D. William Jennings Bryan led the Populist Party in the Election of 1892. You will not crucify America upon a cross of gold, was part of a speech which helped make him famous. It called for the free coinage of silver. E. Republicans fought the Democrats and the Populist by raising massive amounts of money from the industrialists and bankers who feared free silver. F. Voting levels increase. G. Civil Service Reform had its roots in this era.

Mobile Learning and Its Impact on the Learning Process

modonna essays

modonna essays Madonna was born on August 16, 1958, in the city of Bay City, located in the state of Michigan. Her real birth name is Madonna Louise Ciccone. However, most people know her as simply Madonna. She is known as a controversial singer, actress, dancer, songwriter, and has become one of America's biggest and well-known stars in the late 1980s. Madonna's assertive behavior, outspoken personality, and aggressive acts of sexuality, along with her great efforts to push back the borders of the acceptable, have brought her tremendous commercial success in America and abroad. She has achieved the reputation as a forefront performer and entertainer. Before Madonna began her superstar career, she attended school at the University of Michigan. Before she even attended college, she was already well talented in the field of dance. She was so good that she won a dance college scholarship in high school. This was the main reason she continued onto college. In the beginning of her college education, she enjoyed going to school on a daily basis. In addition, she enjoyed learning and meeting new friends. However, she began to get bored with her college education and her stay in college was brief. Within the next two years she dropped out of the University of Michigan and decided to pursue a career elsewhere. She knew that she wanted to either continue in the field of dance or somewhere in the music industry. She believed that she had greater opportunities in these careers in a large, diversified metropolitan city like New York City. Once in New York City, she joined a band and began writing musical notes, lyrics, and songs. This was the start of her music career. However, she still wanted to pursue her dance career. She always had two career objectives in mind and believed she would definitely achieve one or both of them. She joined Alvin Alley Theater's third company group. She danced with them for a short time period, howeve...

Compare and contrast Poes Prospero to Alan Stanford Essay

Compare and contrast Poes Prospero to Alan Stanford - Essay Example For prince Prospero the external world could take care of itself while he took care of himself. Once prince Prospero’s territory became half depopulated instead of attempting to save the remaining population he summons a thousand hale and light hearted friends of his court and retires into the deep seclusion of the crenellated abbeys. The rooms of the palace are decorated in single colors. The room which is the eastern most is decorated in blue along with blue stained glass windows. The next room with purple and in this pattern the rooms westward continued to be designed with the color scheme of green, orange, white and violet. The seventh room is designed in black and red windows along with an ebony clock. The pendulum swung with a dull monotonous clang that struck a sound that was loud and deep and with a peculiar note that enabled the orchestra pause their performance and to hearken to the sound wherein the waltzers grew pale and confused. Once the chimes had stopped laughter once again pervaded the gathering. Midnight opens up the doors for a new guest who is mysterious and ghoulishly dressed and whose face is resembles a corpse with spots of blood. Indeed this guest has been a victim of Red Death. Prospero naturally is angry when the character is void of humor and levity and who crashes the party, â€Å""Who dares"--he demanded hoarsely of the courtiers who stood near him--"who dares insult us with this blasphemous mockery? Seize him and unmask him--that we may know whom we have to hang, at sunrise, from the battlements!" (Poe, 1984) This nameless awe did indeed inspire the party but none had the courage to put forth their hand to seize him. â€Å"But first let me tell of the rooms in which [the masquerade] was held.† (Poe, 1984) Unimpeded this guest stealthy moved around and made his way around uninterruptedly but with the same solemn and measured step which had distinguished him from the first, through the blue chamber to the

History Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

History Questions - Assignment Example S. and Soviet Union. A rapprochement would have worked better by using confidence-building measures like better communications but instead he started new proxy wars in Laos and Vietnam (Freedman 285). An optimism engendered by liberalism produced a backlash in terms of conservative anger in the form of McCarthyism in which there was a massive witch hunt of the suspected communists and their supposed sympathizers. People saw the excesses of liberalism and had wanted to go back to conservative values like family relationships. People thought America was infiltrated by communists everywhere: in government, academe and Hollywood. The culture wars produced the so-called â€Å"generation gap† between the youth and the older generations, especially their parents and elders (ONeill 5). Focal point in society where the youth were molded shifted from the high schools to colleges and universities. The country was engulfed in the youth repudiating their status and value systems while an older generation saw these trends as a threat to their lives. A few critics of the counter-culture resorted to using censorship and other controls to re-impose cherished values and social norms. Music became a medium for political messages (jazz, rap, slam poetry,); politicians now faced

Foreign Exchange Risk in Banks Overview and Analysis

Foreign Exchange Risk in Banks Overview and Analysis Objective of the Project:- The objective of this project is to understand the various types of foreign exchange risks. And the potential impact of the foreign exchange risks on the institutions involved in foreign exchange trading. Background:- In this project, I have calculated the value of risk involved in foreign exchange transactions at United Bank of India. Methodology:- The data used in this project is obtained from secondary research. Historical method is used to calculate the Value at Risk (VaR). The Value at Risk is thus calculated is used to find the actual amount at risk in terms of INR. Findings and Conclusion:- By finding the total risk, we get to know the total amount that the organization can lose in the worst possible scenario. It happens if the allocation of fund is not based upon the possible value at risks. In carrying out this project, I have found that the bank has allocated more funds for its forex operations than required. Recommendations:- At present the bank is operating at the 99% confidence level to calculate the value at risk. As they are working at 99% confidence level, due to this they need to employ more capital for their forex operations. United Bank of India should operate at 95% confidence level. This will help them cut down funds employed for their forex operations. Introduction to Foreign Exchange The creator of the universe has not distributed resources needed by the civilised world evenly on our planet earth. What is available easily at one place is hardly available at another place. This has resulted in an environment of interdependency among the countries. The interdependency among countries has given rise to international trade. The growth of international trade of goods and services has necessitated a method of exchange. Let us evaluate a transaction involving supply of goods from India to United Kingdom. The value of goods is known to the Indian supplier in INR. Thus the Indian supplier will price the goods so that he can make profit in INR. At the same time the purchasing power available with the UK customer is in GBP (Great Britain Pound). Therefore the customer will want to know the price in GBP. Now, if buyer and seller decide to settle the transaction in USD. Therefore to complete such transactions, the parties to the transaction need to know the value of one currency in terms of another. This mechanism of converting one currency in terms of another is known as â€Å"Foreign Exchange†. Foreign Exchange is defined in Foreign Exchange management Act 1999 as:- Ø All deposits, credits, balances payable in any foreign currency and any drafts, travellers cheque, letter of credit and bill of exchange expressed or drawn in Indian currency and payable in foreign currency. Ø Any instrument payable at the option of the drawee or holder thereof or any other party thereto, either in Indian currency or in foreign currency or partly in one and partly in the other. In short, Foreign Exchange is the method of conversion of one currency into another. As foreign currency is treated as a commodity, it is traded in a market. Trade constitutes a small portion of the â€Å"Foreign Exchange Market†. The cross border movement of capital forms the major portion. Major participants of Foreign Exchange Market include commercial banks, central banking institutions, investment banks, foreign exchange brokers and merchants. The commercial banks become the vehicles for conversion, as most of the foreign exchange operation takes place through the account maintained with these banks. Objective of the Project A Project Report on FOREIGN EXCHANGE risks in Bank. Foreign Exchange is a very large financial market. At times foreign exchange market becomes very volatile. This is responsible for the various risks in foreign exchange market. Everyone involved in the foreign exchange trading should we aware of foreign exchange risk. To ascertain Foreign Exchange risk in Bank we need to execute the following tasks:- Various types of foreign exchange services available at Banks. The various types of foreign exchange risks. The various foreign currencies which has significant demand. The possible Hedging strategies that can be deployed to manage foreign exchange risks. Determination of Value at Risk (Var). Research Methodology Data / Information Collection. Study of data collected to calculate the value at risk (VAR). Calculation of mean return. Calculation of Standard Deviation. Data/Information Collection Data and information is collected from the various sources. These sources include data from the Bank, magazines, journals, books and newspapers. The information thus collected is used to calculate the Value at Risk. Value at risk (VaR) Risk is about odds of losing money and VaR is based on that common sense fact. Here risk is the odds of really big loss. Big loss is different for every investor depending on the investors appetite. But every investor whether big or small does wants to know his/her losses in the worst case. VAR answers the question, What is my worst-case scenario? To calculate VaR we need three components. These three components are: a time period, a confidence level and a loss amount or loss percentage. Using VaR investor will get to know things like: What is the most I can expect to lose with 95% confidence over a period of 10 days? What is the maximum percentage I can expect to lose with 95% confidence over a period of 10 days? We consider a relatively high level of confidence, mostly 95% or 99% confidence level. Time period taken can be anything like a day, 10 day, a month or a year depending upon what investor is looking for. A one day VAR of $10mm using a probability of 5% means that there is a 5% chance that the portfolio could lose more than $10mm in the next trading day. There are three methods of calculating VaR: the Historical method, the parametric method also known as variance-covariance method and the Monte Carlo simulation. The Historical Method: The historical method simply re-organizes actual historical returns, putting them in order from worst to best. It then assumes that history will repeat itself, from a risk perspective. We then put these data in the histogram that compare the frequency of return. Tiny bars in histogram represent the less frequent daily return while the highest point in histogram represents the most frequent daily return. Parametric Method:This method assumes that the stock returns are normally distributed. In this method we estimate only two factors an expected return and a standard deviation. These two factors allow us to plot a normal distribution curve. Monte Carlo Simulation: The third method involves developing a model for future stock price returns and running multiple hypothetical trials through the model. A Monte Carlo simulation refers to any method that randomly generates trials, but by itself does not tell us anything about the underlying methodology. Every run of Monte Carlo Simulation gives different result. But differences between these results are likely to be very narrow. Calculation of Value at Risk (VaR) To calculate the value at risk, at first we need to collect the historical data. Historical data is the historical exchange rate of a particular foreign currency against INR. The foreign currencies which we are considering here are United States Dollar (USD), Great Britain Pound (GBP), Euro and Japanese Yen (JPY). We are considering these currencies because they are the major currencies as exchange is easily available for these currencies. We will calculate the value at risk the investor faces in case he/she invests in any of these currencies. At first we will consider the case in which an investor is investing in United States Dollar. The investor will buy United States Dollar in exchange of INR. USD/INR The historical exchange rate for USD/INR for a period of 22 days starting from 15th April 2011 to 6th May 2011 is as follows: From the everyday exchange rate the periodic return is found by using the formula given below: Natural Logarithm (Present date exchange rate/ previous date exchange rate) The Value at Risk from the above data is calculated by using the given formula in excel: PERCENTILE (array of the periodic return,5%) Here the array of the periodic return is the everyday return of the period for which historical data is taken. The second attributes i.e., 5% tells that 95 times out of 100 the loss will not exceed the calculated VaR. Therefore we can say with 95% confidence that the loss will not exceed the Value at Risk (VaR) thus calculated. From the above data the Value at Risk (VaR) calculated at 95% confidence level is: 0.35% From the above data the Value at Risk (VaR) calculated at 99% confidence level is: 0.46% Euro/INR The historical exchange rate for Euro/USD for a period of 22 days starting from 15th April 2011 to 6th May 2011 is as follows: Euro/USD Euro/INR Historical exchange rate for Euro/INR is determined from the historical exchange rate of Euro/USD and USD/INR. Exchange rate of Euro/INR = Exchange rate of Euro/USD * Exchange rate of USD/INR In this case again the periodic return is found by using the formula given below: Natural Logarithm (Present date exchange rate/ previous date exchange rate) The Value at Risk from the above data is calculated by using the given formula in excel: PERCENTILE (array of the periodic return, 5%) Here the array of the periodic return is the everyday return of the period for which historical data is taken. The second attributes i.e., 5% tells that 95 times out of 100 the loss will not exceed the calculated VaR. Therefore we can say with 95% confidence that the loss will not exceed the Value at Risk (VaR) thus calculated. From the above data the Value at Risk (VaR) calculated at 95% confidence level is: 1.21%. From the above data the Value at Risk (VaR) calculated at 99% confidence level is: 1.53%. GBP/INR The historical exchange rate for GBP/USD for a period of 22 days starting from 15th April 2011 to 6th May 2011 is as follows: GBP/USD GBP/INR Historical exchange rate for GBP/INR is determined from the historical exchange rate of GBP/USD and USD/INR. Exchange rate of GBP/INR = Exchange rate of GBP/USD * Exchange rate of USD/INR In this case again the periodic return is found by using the formula given below: Natural Logarithm (Present date exchange rate/ previous date exchange rate) The Value at Risk from the above data is calculated by using the given formula in excel: PERCENTILE (array of the periodic return, 5%) Here the array of the periodic return is the everyday return of the period for which historical data is taken. The second attributes i.e., 5% tells that 95 times out of 100 the loss will not exceed the calculated VaR. Therefore we can say with 95% confidence that the loss will not exceed the Value at Risk (VaR) thus calculated. From the above data the Value at Risk (VaR) calculated at 95% confidence level is: 0.49% From the above data the Value at Risk (VaR) calculated at 99% confidence level is: 1.03% JYP/INR The historical exchange rate for USD/JYP for a period of 22 days starting from 15th April 2011 to 6th May 2011 is as follows: USD/JYP JPY/USD Historical exchange rate for JPY/USD is determined from the historical exchange rate of USD/JPY. Exchange rate of JPY/USD = 1/ (Exchange rate of USD/JPY) JPY/INR Historical exchange rate for JPY/INR is determined from the historical exchange rate of JPY/USD and USD/INR. Exchange rate of JPY/INR = Exchange rate of JPY/USD * Exchange rate of USD/INR In this case again the periodic return is found by using the formula given below: Natural Logarithm (Present date exchange rate/ previous date exchange rate) The Value at Risk from the above data is calculated by using the given formula in excel: PERCENTILE (array of the periodic return, 5%) Here the array of the periodic return is the everyday return of the period for which historical data is taken. The second attributes i.e., 5% tells that 95 times out of 100 the loss will not exceed the calculated VaR. Therefore we can say with 95% confidence that the loss will not exceed the Value at Risk (VaR) thus calculated. From the above data the Value at Risk (VaR) calculated at 95% confidence level is: 0.60% From the above data the Value at Risk (VaR) calculated at 99% confidence level is: 0.93% Calculation of Standard Deviation Standard deviation is a measure of how far apart the data are from the average of the data. If all the observations are close to their average then the standard deviation will be small. In finance, standard deviation is applied to the annual rate of return of an investment to measure the investments volatility. Standard deviation is also known as historical volatility and is used by investors as a gauge for the amount of expected volatility. Suppose that an investor has INR 45,000 to invest and is considering buying the USD. Currently one USD is valued at INR 45. The investor assesses a 0.75 probability that the USD will appreciate against INR over a coming period, so that one USD will be equivalent to INR 46 and a 0.25 probability that the USD will depreciate against INR to become equal to INR 44. INR 45,000 (at one USD equal to INR 45) = 45,000/45 = USD 1000 The payoffs from the proposed investment are as follows:- If the USD appreciates (One USD becomes equal to INR 46): USD 1000 *46 = INR 46,000 If the USD depreciates (One USD becomes equal to INR 44): USD 1000*44 = INR 44,000 PAYOFF (INR) RATE OF RETURN PROBABILITY EXPECTED RATE OF RETURN VARIANCE (1) (2) (3) (4) = (2) x (3) (5) 46,000 (46 45)/45 = 0.022 0.75 0.0165 (0.022 0.011)^2 x 0.75 = 0. Foreign Exchange Risk in Banks Overview and Analysis Foreign Exchange Risk in Banks Overview and Analysis Objective of the Project:- The objective of this project is to understand the various types of foreign exchange risks. And the potential impact of the foreign exchange risks on the institutions involved in foreign exchange trading. Background:- In this project, I have calculated the value of risk involved in foreign exchange transactions at United Bank of India. Methodology:- The data used in this project is obtained from secondary research. Historical method is used to calculate the Value at Risk (VaR). The Value at Risk is thus calculated is used to find the actual amount at risk in terms of INR. Findings and Conclusion:- By finding the total risk, we get to know the total amount that the organization can lose in the worst possible scenario. It happens if the allocation of fund is not based upon the possible value at risks. In carrying out this project, I have found that the bank has allocated more funds for its forex operations than required. Recommendations:- At present the bank is operating at the 99% confidence level to calculate the value at risk. As they are working at 99% confidence level, due to this they need to employ more capital for their forex operations. United Bank of India should operate at 95% confidence level. This will help them cut down funds employed for their forex operations. Introduction to Foreign Exchange The creator of the universe has not distributed resources needed by the civilised world evenly on our planet earth. What is available easily at one place is hardly available at another place. This has resulted in an environment of interdependency among the countries. The interdependency among countries has given rise to international trade. The growth of international trade of goods and services has necessitated a method of exchange. Let us evaluate a transaction involving supply of goods from India to United Kingdom. The value of goods is known to the Indian supplier in INR. Thus the Indian supplier will price the goods so that he can make profit in INR. At the same time the purchasing power available with the UK customer is in GBP (Great Britain Pound). Therefore the customer will want to know the price in GBP. Now, if buyer and seller decide to settle the transaction in USD. Therefore to complete such transactions, the parties to the transaction need to know the value of one currency in terms of another. This mechanism of converting one currency in terms of another is known as â€Å"Foreign Exchange†. Foreign Exchange is defined in Foreign Exchange management Act 1999 as:- Ø All deposits, credits, balances payable in any foreign currency and any drafts, travellers cheque, letter of credit and bill of exchange expressed or drawn in Indian currency and payable in foreign currency. Ø Any instrument payable at the option of the drawee or holder thereof or any other party thereto, either in Indian currency or in foreign currency or partly in one and partly in the other. In short, Foreign Exchange is the method of conversion of one currency into another. As foreign currency is treated as a commodity, it is traded in a market. Trade constitutes a small portion of the â€Å"Foreign Exchange Market†. The cross border movement of capital forms the major portion. Major participants of Foreign Exchange Market include commercial banks, central banking institutions, investment banks, foreign exchange brokers and merchants. The commercial banks become the vehicles for conversion, as most of the foreign exchange operation takes place through the account maintained with these banks. Objective of the Project A Project Report on FOREIGN EXCHANGE risks in Bank. Foreign Exchange is a very large financial market. At times foreign exchange market becomes very volatile. This is responsible for the various risks in foreign exchange market. Everyone involved in the foreign exchange trading should we aware of foreign exchange risk. To ascertain Foreign Exchange risk in Bank we need to execute the following tasks:- Various types of foreign exchange services available at Banks. The various types of foreign exchange risks. The various foreign currencies which has significant demand. The possible Hedging strategies that can be deployed to manage foreign exchange risks. Determination of Value at Risk (Var). Research Methodology Data / Information Collection. Study of data collected to calculate the value at risk (VAR). Calculation of mean return. Calculation of Standard Deviation. Data/Information Collection Data and information is collected from the various sources. These sources include data from the Bank, magazines, journals, books and newspapers. The information thus collected is used to calculate the Value at Risk. Value at risk (VaR) Risk is about odds of losing money and VaR is based on that common sense fact. Here risk is the odds of really big loss. Big loss is different for every investor depending on the investors appetite. But every investor whether big or small does wants to know his/her losses in the worst case. VAR answers the question, What is my worst-case scenario? To calculate VaR we need three components. These three components are: a time period, a confidence level and a loss amount or loss percentage. Using VaR investor will get to know things like: What is the most I can expect to lose with 95% confidence over a period of 10 days? What is the maximum percentage I can expect to lose with 95% confidence over a period of 10 days? We consider a relatively high level of confidence, mostly 95% or 99% confidence level. Time period taken can be anything like a day, 10 day, a month or a year depending upon what investor is looking for. A one day VAR of $10mm using a probability of 5% means that there is a 5% chance that the portfolio could lose more than $10mm in the next trading day. There are three methods of calculating VaR: the Historical method, the parametric method also known as variance-covariance method and the Monte Carlo simulation. The Historical Method: The historical method simply re-organizes actual historical returns, putting them in order from worst to best. It then assumes that history will repeat itself, from a risk perspective. We then put these data in the histogram that compare the frequency of return. Tiny bars in histogram represent the less frequent daily return while the highest point in histogram represents the most frequent daily return. Parametric Method:This method assumes that the stock returns are normally distributed. In this method we estimate only two factors an expected return and a standard deviation. These two factors allow us to plot a normal distribution curve. Monte Carlo Simulation: The third method involves developing a model for future stock price returns and running multiple hypothetical trials through the model. A Monte Carlo simulation refers to any method that randomly generates trials, but by itself does not tell us anything about the underlying methodology. Every run of Monte Carlo Simulation gives different result. But differences between these results are likely to be very narrow. Calculation of Value at Risk (VaR) To calculate the value at risk, at first we need to collect the historical data. Historical data is the historical exchange rate of a particular foreign currency against INR. The foreign currencies which we are considering here are United States Dollar (USD), Great Britain Pound (GBP), Euro and Japanese Yen (JPY). We are considering these currencies because they are the major currencies as exchange is easily available for these currencies. We will calculate the value at risk the investor faces in case he/she invests in any of these currencies. At first we will consider the case in which an investor is investing in United States Dollar. The investor will buy United States Dollar in exchange of INR. USD/INR The historical exchange rate for USD/INR for a period of 22 days starting from 15th April 2011 to 6th May 2011 is as follows: From the everyday exchange rate the periodic return is found by using the formula given below: Natural Logarithm (Present date exchange rate/ previous date exchange rate) The Value at Risk from the above data is calculated by using the given formula in excel: PERCENTILE (array of the periodic return,5%) Here the array of the periodic return is the everyday return of the period for which historical data is taken. The second attributes i.e., 5% tells that 95 times out of 100 the loss will not exceed the calculated VaR. Therefore we can say with 95% confidence that the loss will not exceed the Value at Risk (VaR) thus calculated. From the above data the Value at Risk (VaR) calculated at 95% confidence level is: 0.35% From the above data the Value at Risk (VaR) calculated at 99% confidence level is: 0.46% Euro/INR The historical exchange rate for Euro/USD for a period of 22 days starting from 15th April 2011 to 6th May 2011 is as follows: Euro/USD Euro/INR Historical exchange rate for Euro/INR is determined from the historical exchange rate of Euro/USD and USD/INR. Exchange rate of Euro/INR = Exchange rate of Euro/USD * Exchange rate of USD/INR In this case again the periodic return is found by using the formula given below: Natural Logarithm (Present date exchange rate/ previous date exchange rate) The Value at Risk from the above data is calculated by using the given formula in excel: PERCENTILE (array of the periodic return, 5%) Here the array of the periodic return is the everyday return of the period for which historical data is taken. The second attributes i.e., 5% tells that 95 times out of 100 the loss will not exceed the calculated VaR. Therefore we can say with 95% confidence that the loss will not exceed the Value at Risk (VaR) thus calculated. From the above data the Value at Risk (VaR) calculated at 95% confidence level is: 1.21%. From the above data the Value at Risk (VaR) calculated at 99% confidence level is: 1.53%. GBP/INR The historical exchange rate for GBP/USD for a period of 22 days starting from 15th April 2011 to 6th May 2011 is as follows: GBP/USD GBP/INR Historical exchange rate for GBP/INR is determined from the historical exchange rate of GBP/USD and USD/INR. Exchange rate of GBP/INR = Exchange rate of GBP/USD * Exchange rate of USD/INR In this case again the periodic return is found by using the formula given below: Natural Logarithm (Present date exchange rate/ previous date exchange rate) The Value at Risk from the above data is calculated by using the given formula in excel: PERCENTILE (array of the periodic return, 5%) Here the array of the periodic return is the everyday return of the period for which historical data is taken. The second attributes i.e., 5% tells that 95 times out of 100 the loss will not exceed the calculated VaR. Therefore we can say with 95% confidence that the loss will not exceed the Value at Risk (VaR) thus calculated. From the above data the Value at Risk (VaR) calculated at 95% confidence level is: 0.49% From the above data the Value at Risk (VaR) calculated at 99% confidence level is: 1.03% JYP/INR The historical exchange rate for USD/JYP for a period of 22 days starting from 15th April 2011 to 6th May 2011 is as follows: USD/JYP JPY/USD Historical exchange rate for JPY/USD is determined from the historical exchange rate of USD/JPY. Exchange rate of JPY/USD = 1/ (Exchange rate of USD/JPY) JPY/INR Historical exchange rate for JPY/INR is determined from the historical exchange rate of JPY/USD and USD/INR. Exchange rate of JPY/INR = Exchange rate of JPY/USD * Exchange rate of USD/INR In this case again the periodic return is found by using the formula given below: Natural Logarithm (Present date exchange rate/ previous date exchange rate) The Value at Risk from the above data is calculated by using the given formula in excel: PERCENTILE (array of the periodic return, 5%) Here the array of the periodic return is the everyday return of the period for which historical data is taken. The second attributes i.e., 5% tells that 95 times out of 100 the loss will not exceed the calculated VaR. Therefore we can say with 95% confidence that the loss will not exceed the Value at Risk (VaR) thus calculated. From the above data the Value at Risk (VaR) calculated at 95% confidence level is: 0.60% From the above data the Value at Risk (VaR) calculated at 99% confidence level is: 0.93% Calculation of Standard Deviation Standard deviation is a measure of how far apart the data are from the average of the data. If all the observations are close to their average then the standard deviation will be small. In finance, standard deviation is applied to the annual rate of return of an investment to measure the investments volatility. Standard deviation is also known as historical volatility and is used by investors as a gauge for the amount of expected volatility. Suppose that an investor has INR 45,000 to invest and is considering buying the USD. Currently one USD is valued at INR 45. The investor assesses a 0.75 probability that the USD will appreciate against INR over a coming period, so that one USD will be equivalent to INR 46 and a 0.25 probability that the USD will depreciate against INR to become equal to INR 44. INR 45,000 (at one USD equal to INR 45) = 45,000/45 = USD 1000 The payoffs from the proposed investment are as follows:- If the USD appreciates (One USD becomes equal to INR 46): USD 1000 *46 = INR 46,000 If the USD depreciates (One USD becomes equal to INR 44): USD 1000*44 = INR 44,000 PAYOFF (INR) RATE OF RETURN PROBABILITY EXPECTED RATE OF RETURN VARIANCE (1) (2) (3) (4) = (2) x (3) (5) 46,000 (46 45)/45 = 0.022 0.75 0.0165 (0.022 0.011)^2 x 0.75 = 0.

Curry Powder Indusrty

INDUSTRY PROFILE India is a land of spices where many varieties are grown in the different regions of the country. The people of the country are fond of spicy food so the spices are the most important ingredient in any Indian dish. The nation is not just the big producer and consumer of spices but also a major player in international market, exporting the surplus and importing the deficit. Spices play an important role in enhancing the flavor and taste of the processed foods. They are also used in the medicines because of their carminative, simulative and digestive properties. India produces almost all the known spices and is the largest exporter of this commodity. Ground spices are extensively used in all types of curried dishes in India and abroad. Although spices are traded chiefly in an unprocessed form, a small yet significant quantity enters international trade as spice powders. Curry powder is the foremost of those blends or mixes and sometimes consists of 20 or more spices designed to add the characteristic flavor of an Indian curry, which is appreciated all over the world. Apart from the overseas market, processed curry powder is becoming popular in the domestic market also. Hence the demand for unadulterated spices and curry powder in attractive handy packaging is fast emerging. FOOD INDUSTRY IN INDIA In India, agricultural and dairy sector have achieved remarkable successes over the last three and half decades. Besides being one of the world’s largest producers of food grains. India ranks second in the world in the production of fruits and vegetables and first in milk production providing much needed foods security to the nation. India is one of the world’s major food producers but accounts for less than 1. 5%of international food trade. The value of the Indian food industry has increased from 3. 09 trillion in 1993-94 to Rs. 3. 99 trillion in 2000-01. The segment with largest growth potential have been identified as dairy, fruits and vegetables and poultry. Food marketing is a highly regulated industry. Regulation in food marketing attempted regulates competition and monopolistic condition facilitates trade, protect consumers and directly influence food price and faster economic and social progress. India produces variety of spice products. No country in the world produces as much kind of spices products as India producing. The Indian spices and curry powder market plays an important role in the daily life of Indians. Now, curry powder industries have a prominent role in food product industry in India INDIAN SPICES India is the largest producers of spices in the world as the weather is apparently suitable for the cultivation of spices. Spices are cultivating in 28 states and 7 territorial provinces in India. As of now, India is producing around 2. 5 million tones of various spices valued approximately 3 billion US$ and holding a premier position in the world. Moreover India is the major exporters of spices in the world under the auspicious of India government owned â€Å"Spices board of India†, which is the apex body for the export promotion of spices in India. This was established in 1987. The board plays a far reaching and influential role as a development, regulatory and promotional agency for Indian spices. In early days Indian people were stored the various kinds of spices such as chilly, turmeric, coriander and so on, for preparing the various dishes and gravies. These spices were separately and blending depends on the nature of dishes. Spices used to flavor with the help of indigenous tools at home by women, as that was the custom during that period. In course of time situations are changed, people are forced to use electronic devices in order to reduce their domestic job. In turns, they used readymade curry powders at their home. Gradually they have fallen in to a habit of using instant curry powders from the open market. Taken stock of this situations several firms were came forward to launch curry powder industries. That is why curry powder industries were emerging immensely all over the country. As of now curry powder industries have a prominent role in Food industry in India. CURRY POWDER The name Curry powder today is synonymous with the Indian food. The word curry is believed to be delivered from the South Indian Tamil World ‘Karhi’. During the British Raj in India, â€Å"curry† evolved as the world described Indian food cooked in this spices sauce. Over the years, the foreigners, especially British who leaved or visited India . Slowly started to introduce the curry to outside the world. The good commercial curry powder was hard to find during the early days. People had to make curry powder from scratch if they wanted quality. However, now many good curry powders are easily found in India as well as western super markets. Curry powder is blend or mixture of the different spices, which defers according to geographic regions or personal preference. CURRY POWDER INDUSTRY In the scenario, economy exhibits high line of consumerism. The curry powder industry has witnessed the entry of many companies in the Indian market by pumping huge amount of capital in order to capture the market share. However many domestic companies have emerged with various attraction products with a view to overcome the country wide companies and capturing a large number of customers. On our observation most of the companies are performing satisfactorily for a particular brand to move fast in the market it has to meet the 4 A’s. That is the market customers should be aware of it, should be an acceptable, available and affordable. Obviously, the manufactures should understand the need and wants of the customer and provides total satisfaction in order to succeed in the business world. Curry powder is a well known name among the Indian people. It is the combination of finely powdered spices. For each dish there are different curry powder spices. For each dish there are different curry powders but the ingredients are more or less the same. Now a day’s most of the housewives are using this ready-made curry powder and so the quantity required is increasing day by day. So this is an industry by which a new entrepreneur can start without second though. But the manufacturers should give attention for capturing the market. Now days not only the urban people but villages also have a craze for these ready-made curry powders. There is a good market for curry powder in India and abroad. The major players in the curry powder in India are; Eastern, Melam, Mangala, Saras, etc. As Kerala’s largest producer of condiments, â€Å"Eastern Condiments (P) Ltd† has helped to keep the famous spice route alive. With an experience of over 30 years in producing spices, they have provided their consumers with consistently high quality powders and blends â€Å"Melam† the word means a multiple of musical instruments in harmony creating a fast of exotic and exquisite music. M. V. J. Foods (India) (P) Ltd. Cochin brings out a variety curry powder and spice powder under the brand name Melam. The melam range is vast and includes a great variety of perception. â€Å"devon, THE SPICE of life† deven foods gives a wide range of aromatic spice powders and curry powders for all culinary needs. They use only best quality spices and process them in appropriate condition. â€Å"Sara spice† is the condiment producing unit of the Anna group. Company is involved in the production and exports of Indian spices. Like curry powder, Masala powder, Indian whole spices since the past two decades. CURRY POWDER MARKET Although Indian spices have been in the world market for several centuries, the curry powder business, particularly curry masala (blender, spices) has not been exploited by the Indian entrepreneurs to a significant extent. Export of this product has not registered any significant growth producers in un organized sector have dominated the domestic market, for curry powder and curry masala . Obviously the curry powder growth industries brand promotion continues to be significant till recently. However, few manufacturers from the organized sector have been promoting branded products in Kerala market recently. Competition has turned to be aggressive with the stagnation in the international market. Producing of curry powder and curry masala are involving in marketing strategies to ensure significant market shares although in specific segment DOMESTIC MARKET The India market for curry powder is estimated at Rs. 500 Cr. This is account for 25% of world consumption of curry powders. The curry powder market is estimated to be around Rs. 150Cr, with approximate 35% of market in south India. The curry powder market in Kerala is estimated at Rs 70 Cr. The market can be categorized in to 3 groups. * The premium segment The medium segment * Un organized sector In the previous segment the major brands in the market are Everest, Melam Saras and MDH . the study done by various authorities revels that moast popular Brand in the premium segment is Everest with 30% market share . Melam had 50% market share, while other brads had a negligible share in the premium segment. However, the premium makes up only 30% of the total market of curry powder in Kerala. The medium segment consist 50% of total curry powder market, Easter is the market leader in the segment. The unorganized segment consists of 20% of the total curry powder market. INTERNATIONAL MARKET Exports of spices from India usually take place in bulk form. The export of value added products are few, as none competitive prices cannot survive in the International market. Curry powder is value added spice product. the world consumption of curry powder is estimated to be 20000 metric tons in 2004, 2005. Exports of curry powder from Indian keep fluctuating between 2500 to 3500 metric tons . An analysis of annual exports of curry powders from India reveals that the exports do not show much variation . in total value terms the figures have been increasing over the years . In Indian curry powder industries, there was a few curry powder industries were existed of the beginning of which the following firms were the main producers. * MDH * EVEREST In Kerala the following a few companies were existed in producing curry powders in early stages viz. * Techno curry powder * Ambika curry powder * Rani curry powder The following are the some of the manufacturers and exporters of curry powders in India. * Asha impex (P) Ltd * Alvel sales * Amas spices * Anand Exportes * Anil grover &co * Aries Exports * B. M entrprices * Brahmins food products * C. B. R masala

World Most Dangerous Gang: MS 13

Imagine a scared little boy wanting to be accepted by a gang. Scared to death, he walks up to a group of other boys from a rival gang, closes his eyes, and starts to shoot. When he opens his eyes he realizes that one of the rival gang members has been hit. Then imagine having to walk away, not run, because in this gang a member does not run away. All of this is just to be accepted into a very violent, dangerous gang. The Mara Salvatrucha gang, normally referred to as MS 13, has begun to make its mark across 42 states in the United States(Worlds Most), making it the most rapidly growing, dangerous gang n America.To understand MS 13’s power in this country, one has to consider its development as a major crime organization, its control over its members, and the power it holds. Mara Salvatrucha was organized in Los Angeles in the late 1980’s. In the 1980’s, El Salvador was engaged in a civil war. Men attacked as guerilla fighters, training and learning how to kill an yone for anything. To escape the civil war, these men migrated to the United States. At first, the gang’s primary purpose was to defend Salvadoran immigrants from being preyed upon by other street gangs. They banded together to form MS 13.Ernesto Miranda, co-founder of Mara Salvatrucha said, â€Å"In this country (El Salvador), we were taught to kill our own people, no matter if they were from your own blood. If your father was the enemy, you had to kill him. So the training we got during the war in our country served to make us one of the most violent gangs in the United States† (Domash). This is how MS 13 came about. The â€Å"MS† stands for Mara Salvatrucha. Mara is a word meaning â€Å"posse† and salvatruchas means â€Å"street- tough Salvadorans†. The number 13 represents the number of a street, belonging to a gang, located in southern California (Domash).The only way MS 13 could survive on new soil was to join together as a family and protect each other. The only allies they have are each other. MS 13 will do almost anything to keep safe. In the early days of their existence, MS 13 was once rivals with 18th Street Gang, a mostly variation of the â€Å"maras† gangs that appeared in Los Angeles in the 1980s. SWP-18 (Salvadorans with Pride), is another major rival, and a fatal target for many devoted MS-13 prospects seeking initiation into the gang. The Latin Kings have also shown rival behaviors towards MS-13, especially in Newark NJ. Rival gangs fear them. A rival gang member in L. A said â€Å"MS13 bout’ hurting people, they go rob and kill people for no reason†(MSNBC) Organized crime is a well thought-out process of crimes planned to be committed. This process of organized crime is type of violence that is associated with MS 13. MS13 commits crimes from murder, rape, beating, drive-by shootings, drug dealing, smuggling illegal immigrants, trafficking weapons, prostitution, and kidnapping. Oscar Alv arez, Honduran National Police Minister, states, â€Å"cutting people in pieces, raping women, killing people for fun.They might be youngsters, they might be poor. But these youngsters are monsters† (Domash). MS-13 often leaves behind dismembered corpses, complete with the decapitated head, at the scene of their murders. Often a grim note is attached to the body. (TerrorPlanet) In the history of MS 13, they cut off their victims fingers and decapitate them. Sometimes they will cut off victims’ genitals and feed them to the dogs to show no mercy. One MS 13 gang member admitted that when he was in Houston, he robbed and beat a child. Then while he was in Texas, he killed a man by stabbing him three times.This MS 13 member was asked if the crimes he committed would increase his rank within the gang. He answered, â€Å"The crazier you are known to be, the more respect the gang gives you† (Logan). MS 13 thinks the police and the community does not realize how dangero us they are ; this leads their gang to go to extreme violence to get their point across that no one messes with their gang. If someone is brave enough to mess with MS 13, they will show no mercy and will make the crime even more brutal. MS 13 is becoming more dangerous and more organized. It is working its way up to becoming the next Mafia.The rapidly growing numbers of MS 13 is a violent threat to the United States. Throughout the United States, MS 13 have been sighted in 42 states, ranging up to ten thousand members overall. Mara Salvatrucha is even all over the world. It already has members in five other countries. The estimated number of MS 13 gang members across the world adds up to more than 700,000 (Domash). Since there are so many MS 13 members in the world, one can recognize a MS 13 member by looking at their tattoos, symbols, gang colors, graffiti, and hand signs. MS 13 gang members mark their bodies with tattoos.The most common tattoos are the letters MS and the number 13 . They have certain symbols that they might have tattooed on themselves. For example, teardrops represent the shooting of a rival gang member. If a member has three dots in a shape of a triangle next to his thumb, it means the gang member has killed someone. By tattooing their bodies it shows how MS 13 is not ashamed of the violent acts they commit. (Domash) Hand signs and signals are also apart of MS 13. The main hand sign the gang has are called the â€Å"double horns†. This hand sign is similar to the same symbol commonly seen displayed by heavy metal usicians and their fans.Also, when one is about to go into battle, or a fight, they will lift up both sides on the shoulders of their shirts to indicate he or she is about to start. Whenever a gang member rubs one’s stomach in a circle motion, the member is about to shoot someone, and whenever one brushes off one’s shoulder; the member is about to stab his victim (World’s Most Dangerous Gang). This lets t he MS 13 members know what is about to happen in the fight. Fights also play a huge role in initiation. To be initiated into a violent gang like MS 13, one has to be violent or have something violent done to them.The three main initiations that MS have are â€Å"walk the line†, â€Å"jumped in†, and â€Å"sexed in†. Whenever they choose to â€Å"walk the line† to join, they must perform a violent act (â€Å"Worlds Most Dangerous Gang†). A boy’s mission is to walk up to a group of rival gang members on the street and shoot at least one of them. In being â€Å"walked in†, after one commits their violent act, one cannot run from it, but walk away (â€Å"Worlds Most†). Being â€Å"jumped in† requires the one getting initiated, to be surrounded by the five strongest guys in the gang, and they will start to beat the person for thirteen seconds, epresenting the 13 in MS 13.The last and final way one can enter the gang is to be â€Å"sexed in†. Females are usually the only ones who have to go through this to get initiated. This is when a girl is has sexual intercourse with a minimum of six members of the MS 13. The whole point of being initiated into MS 13 is to show how dedicated the joining member is and how far they will go for MS 13. Since the inductee is now a permanent member of the gang, they have three jobs that they have to fulfill: to recruit others, collect money, and to kill (â€Å"World’s Most Dangerous Gang†). As in every business, MS 13 has to earn a living somehow too.According to the interview between Lisa Ling and Jester, a former MS 13 member, told her that certain blocks in L. A. are owned by MS 13. Whatever businesses are located on the street, must pay a twenty five percent protection fee to MS 13. They also collect money from selling drugs and taxing the drug dealers who want to sell drugs on their territory. These are the drugs they sell: crystal meth, cocaine, heroin, rock, weed, and various pills. Jester said, â€Å"If you need any kind of pills, don’t go to the doctor. (â€Å"Worlds Most†)When Lisa Ling asked Jester, â€Å"What if they don’t pay? Jester responded, â€Å"They always pay. Sometimes you’ve got to get aggressive with them† (World’s Most). MS 13 knows that they can get however much money that they want because they are such a fierce gang. One of the worst things that a member can do when joining the gang is to try and get out. In MS 13 there is no way to leave the gang without getting killed unless the escapee goes to the hospital, jail, or death (Logan). If any runaway member ever goes to the police and betrays their clique, MS 13 will make ure that their life ends quickly.Once one becomes a part of the gang, one is in it for life and there is no turning back or getting out. MS 13 is spreading its violent tactics across the United States, and it is growing larger in numbers, build ing an empire of strength and power. Their crime organization development continues to grow stronger and wiser as time goes by, and their growing population of MS 13 members in the United States will increase the crime rates. Before Brenda Paz was murdered by her own gang, MS 13, she emphasized the importance and loyalty that MS 13 gang members have.She stated, â€Å"You live for God, you live for your mom, but you die for your gang† (World’s Most†). MS 13’s control in America has shown that it is a major crime organization that cannot be stopped. They have complete control over their members which makes MS 13 an army of violence. Whatever is said is done. There is no negotiating. What MS 13 says goes. While the nation focuses on terrorism, the issue of gang violence has taken a lower priority. But to many, the violent acts of MS13 are more of an everyday threat that is being overlooked.

Business Model of Medical Device Contract Manufacturing Free Essay Example, 1750 words

The company was not in a position to compete on price with smaller but efficient rivals because of its higher internal costs. Once the company management identified that lack of an effective IT governance structure was the root cause of current net losses, the management hired a new CIO, Shawn Atkins with intent to formulate fruitful IT solutions and thereby to effectively integrate the operations of the company. All these factors point out that MDCM focuses on timely IT strategies in order to meet rapidly changing business trends and associated requirements. The MDCM strongly promotes product quality as its primary objective and therefore the company works closely with its customers. Through this practice, the company also intends to optimize designs for manufacturability and thereby to trim down manufacturing costs to some extent. The firm has set its motto as absolute commitment to delivering quality parts and assemblies on time (Integrity CMi. com). In short, customer satisfact ion is one of the major strategic goals of the firm at this time. In addition, the company tries to expand its business horizon on the strength of acquisitions of non-US based firms that have potential competencies in contract manufacturing. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Model of Medical Device Contract Manufacturing or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page